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Many of the phenolic molecules are also effective antioxidants and free radical scavengers, especially flavonoids.
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Others exert phytoestrogenic activity as genistein and daidzein, while others are insecticidal as naringenin. Some phenolics are valued pharmacologically for their anti-inflammatory activities such as quercetin or antihepatotoxic properties such as silybin. They are widespread in plants where they contribute significantly to the color, taste and flavor of many herbs, foods and drinks. They share the presence of one or more phenol groups ( Figure 1) as a common characteristic and range from simple structures with one aromatic ring to highly complex polymeric substances. Phenolics probably constitute the largest group of plant secondary metabolites. The classes of secondary plant metabolites include: Each section includes an overview of a class of the secondary plant metabolites regarding structure, botanical distribution and generalizations about pharmacology, followed by examples of representative molecules. In this chapter, the nature of secondary plant metabolites will be discussed as a foundation for a review of the main categories of constituents considered to be of therapeutic importance. Secondary plant metabolites are classified according to their chemical structures into several classes. It was noticed that some herbs as forage grasses such as clover or alfalfa can express estrogenic properties and interact with fertility of animals. Besides, they constitute important UV absorbing compounds, thus preventing serious leaf damage from the light. They have been described as antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral and therefore are able to protect plants from pathogens. Secondary metabolites have shown to possess various biological effects, which provide the scientific base for the use of herbs in the traditional medicine in many ancient communities. In the middle of the twentieth century, advances of analytical techniques such as chromatography allowed the recovery of more and more of these molecules, and this was the basis for the establishment of the discipline of phytochemistry. According to him, these products are derived from nitrogen metabolism by what he called ‘secondary modifications’ such as deamination. Thirty years later, Czapek described them as end-products. The concept of secondary metabolite was first defined by Albrecht Kossel, Nobel Prize winner for physiology or medicine in 1910. Secondary plant metabolites are numerous chemical compounds produced by the plant cell through metabolic pathways derived from the primary metabolic pathways.
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Eventually, the primary metabolites are similar in all living cells. Primary metabolites include small molecules such as sugars, amino acids, tricarboxylic acids, or Krebs cycle intermediates, proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides. They include the components of processes such as glycolysis, the Krebs or citric acid cycle, photosynthesis and associated pathways. Modern chemistry has described the role of primary plant metabolites in basic life functions such as cell division and growth, respiration, storage and reproduction. A good knowledge of the chemical composition of plants leads to a better understanding of its possible medicinal value.
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Plant chemistry is the basis of the therapeutic uses of herbs. In this chapter, we will be presenting various classes of secondary plant metabolites, their distribution in different plant families and their important medicinal uses. Secondary plant metabolites are classified according to their chemical structures into various classes. In modern medicine, they provided lead compounds for the production of medications for treating various diseases from migraine up to cancer. Secondary plant metabolites played an important role in alleviating several aliments in the traditional medicine and folk uses. In the course of studying, the medicinal effect of herbals is oriented towards the secondary plant metabolites.
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On the other hand, secondary plant metabolites are products of subsidiary pathways as the shikimic acid pathway. Primary plant metabolites are involved in basic life functions therefore, they are more or less similar in all living cells. Generally, the phytochemical constituents of plants fall into two categories based on their role in basic metabolic processes, namely primary and secondary metabolites. The vast and versatile pharmacological effects of medicinal plants are basically dependent on their phytochemical constituents.